Down syndrome

Learning objectives

Down syndrome or trisomy 21 is a genetic disorder caused by an error in cell division
Some or all body cells contain 47 chromosomes with the extra chromosome linked to chromosome 21
Most frequent chromosomal abnormality

	Physiological changes
Neurological	Mental retardation
Airway/Respiratory	Microcephaly Macroglossia Subglottic stenosis Obstructive sleep apnea Airway obstruction Small upper and lower airways Pulmonary hypoplasia Respiratory tract infections
Cardiovascular	Complete atrioventricular defect Ventricular septal defect Atrial septal defect (ASD) Conduction disturbances Pulmonary hypertension (PH)
Gastrointestinal	Gastroesophageal reflux disease Duodenal atresia Tracheoesophageal fistula Hirschprung disease Imperforate anus
Musculoskeletal	Atlantoaxial instability

Down syndrome, AAI, croup, airway swelling, normocapnia, normoxia, awake intubation, ETT, RSI