Ultrasound of the Musculoskeletal System - NYSORA

Explore NYSORA knowledge base for free:

Welcome to the
NextLevel NYSORA.

Learn more about NextLevel NYSORA

New

Ultrasound of the Musculoskeletal System

Authors: A. L. Baert, M. Knauth, K. Sartor

The key library reference source for radiologists, orthopedists, and rheumatologists
  • PRACTICAL. A comprehensive reference and practical guide on the technology and application of ultrasound to the musculoskeletal system.
  • UNDERSTAND. The latest insights into this subject are provided for each anatomic area of the musculoskeletal system.
  • BE INSPIRED. NextLevel NYSORA will motivate you to study with our proprietary visual cognitive aids for a unique journey through courses and lessons.
GET FULL ACCESS

Preview

Review

Table of contents

  • Advances in US Technology
  • Transducers
  • Broadband Transducers
  • Focusing
  • Transducer Selection and Handling
  • Imaging Algorithms
  • Advances in Doppler Imaging
  • Compound Imaging
  • Extended Field-of-View Imaging
  • Steering-Based Imaging
  • Three-Dimensional Imaging
  • Elastographic Imaging
  • Ultrasound Contrast Media
  • References
  • Histologic Considerations
  • Normal US Findings
  • Pathologic Findings
  • Subcutaneous Tissue Abnormalities
  • Cellulitis, Abscess and Necrotizing Fasciitis
  • Fatty Atrophy
  • Traumatic Injuries
  • Foreign Bodies
  • Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions
  • Lipomas
  • Pilomatricoma and Epidermal Inclusion (Sebaceous) Cysts
  • Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations
  • Metastases and Lymphomas
  • References
Accordion Content
  • Histologic Considerations
  • Normal US Anatomy and Scanning Technique
  • Anatomical Variants and Heritable Disorders
  • Neuromuscular Disorders
  • Traumatic Lesions
  • Myotendinous Strains
  • Contusion and Laceration
  • Myositis Ossificans
  • Inflammatory and Ischemic Conditions
  • Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
  • Pyomyositis, Abscess, and Hydatid Disease
  • Diabetic Muscle Infarction and Rhabdomyolysis
  • Tumors
  • Intramuscular Hemangioma
  • Deep-Seated Lipoma and Liposarcoma
  • Intramuscular Myxoma
  • Desmoid
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma and Metastases
  • Tendon
  • Normal US Anatomy and Scanning Technique
  • Tendon Instability
  • Degenerative Changes and Tendon Tears
  • Tendinosis and Partial Tears
  • Complete Tears and Postoperative Findings
  • Inflammatory Conditions
  • Paratendinitis and Attrition Bursitis
  • Tenosynovitis
  • Enthesopathy
  • Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions
  • Intratendinous and Tendon Sheath Ganglia
  • Giant Cell Tumor of the Tendon Sheath
  • References
  • Histologic Considerations
  • Normal US Anatomy and Scanning Technique
  • Anatomic Variants, Inherited and Developmental Anomalies
  • Fibrolipomatous Hamartoma
  • Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
  • Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsies
  • Nerve Instability
  • Compressive Syndromes
  • Nerve Entrapment Syndromes
  • Stretching Injuries
  • Contusion Trauma
  • Penetrating Wounds
  • Postoperative Features
  • Rheumatologic and Infectious Disorders
  • Leprosy
  • Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions
  • Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
  • Hemangioma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
  • Intraneural Ganglia
  • Nerve Encasement by Extrinsic Neoplasms
  • Blood Vessels
  • Histologic Considerations
  • Normal US Anatomy and Scanning Technique
  • Musculoskeletal-Related Vascular Disorders
  • Arterial Disorders
  • Venous Disorders
  • Vascular Tumors
  • References
  • Histologic Considerations
  • Normal US Anatomy and Scanning Technique
  • Outgrowths
  • Bone Exostoses
  • Defects
  • Irregularities of the Cortical Outline
  • Acute Fractures
  • Stress Fractures
  • Fracture Healing
  • Erosions
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Joint
  • Normal US Anatomy and Scanning Technique
  • Pathologic Changes
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Inflammatory Arthropathies
  • Septic Arthritis
  • Traumatic Injuries
  • Degenerative Joint Disease (Osteoarthritis)
  • Deposition Diseases
  • Postoperative Complications
  • Space-Occupying Masses
  • Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
  • Lipoma Arborescens
  • Synovial Osteochondromatosis
  • Synovial Hemangioma
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical Anatomy – Osseous and Articular Anatomy
  • Glenohumeral Joint
  • Acromioclavicular Joint
  • Sternoclavicular Joint
  • Scapulothoracic Plane
  • Muscles and Tendons
  • Rotator Cuff
  • Biceps and Rotator Cuff Interval
  • Deltoid and Extrinsic Muscles of the Shoulder
  • Bursae and Gliding Spaces
  • Neurovascular Structures
  • Suprascapular Nerve
  • Axillary Artery and Nerve
  • Thoracic Outlet Structures
  • Brachial Plexus Nerves and Vertebral Anatomy
  • Essentials of Clinical History and Physical Examination
  • Rotator Cuff Pathology
  • Thoracic Outlet and Brachial Plexus Pathology
  • Normal Ultrasound Findings and Scanning Technique
  • Biceps Tendon and Rotator Cuff
  • Long Head of the Biceps Tendon
  • Subscapularis Tendon
  • Supraspinatus Tendon
  • Infraspinatus and Teres Minor Tendons
  • Rotator Cuff Interval
  • Shoulder Beyond the Cuff
  • Glenohumeral Synovial Space
  • Subacromial Subdeltoid Bursa
  • Acromioclavicular Joint and Os Acromiale
  • Glenoid Labrum
  • Nerves around the Shoulder
  • Brachial Plexus and Other Nerves of the Neck
  • Shoulder Pathology
  • Pathophysiologic Overview – Impingement and Rotator Cuff Disease
  • Instability
  • Rotator Cuff Pathology
  • Cuff Tendinopathy
  • Partial-Thickness Tears
  • Full-Thickness Tears
  • Complete and Massive Tears
  • Cuff Tear Arthropathy
  • Acromioclavicular Cysts
  • Postoperative Cuff
  • Calcifying Tendinitis
  • Biceps Tendon Pathology – Biceps Tendinopathy
  • Biceps Tendon Rupture
  • Biceps Tendon Instability
  • Shoulder Pathology Beyond the Rotator Cuff
  • Pectoralis and Deltoid Lesions
  • Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)
  • Glenohumeral Joint Instability
  • Humeral Head Fractures
  • Degenerative Arthropathies and Loose Bodies
  • Inflammatory Arthropathies
  • Shoulder Arthroplasty
  • Septic Arthritis and Bursitis
  • Acromioclavicular Joint Trauma and Instability
  • Sternoclavicular and Costosternal Joint Pathology
  • Quadrilateral Space Syndrome
  • Suprascapular Nerve Syndrome
  • Thoracic Outlet and Brachial Plexus Pathology
  • Brachial Plexus Trauma
  • Neoplastic Involvement of the Brachial Plexus
  • Parsonage-Turner Syndrome
  • Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
  • Shoulder Masses
  • Elastofibroma Dorsi
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical and US Anatomy
  • Anterior Arm
  • Posterior Arm
  • Neurovascular Bundle
  • Arm Pathology
  • Anterior Arm: Bicipital Sulcus Pathology
  • Median Neuropathy Following Brachial Artery Catheterization
  • Supracondylar Process Syndrome
  • Posterior Arm: Spiral Groove Syndrome
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical Anatomy
  • Joint and Ligament Complexes
  • Elbow Joint
  • Medial Collateral Ligament
  • Lateral Collateral Ligament
  • Muscles and Tendons
  • Anterior Elbow
  • Medial Elbow
  • Lateral Elbow
  • Posterior Elbow
  • Neurovascular Structures
  • Median Nerve and Brachial Artery
  • Radial Nerve and Posterior Interosseous Nerve
  • Ulnar Nerve
  • Bursae
  • Essentials of Clinical History and Physical Examination
  • Tendon Abnormalities
  • Ligament Instability
  • Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
  • Ultrasound Anatomy and Scanning Technique
  • Anterior Elbow
  • Medial Elbow
  • Lateral Elbow
  • Posterior Elbow
  • Elbow Pathology
  • Anterior Elbow Pathology: Distal Biceps Tendon Tear
  • Bicipitoradial (Cubital) Bursitis
  • Medial Elbow Pathology: Medial Epicondylitis (Epitrochleitis)
  • Medial Collateral Ligament Injury
  • Epitrochlear Lymphadenopathies
  • Lateral Elbow Pathology
  • Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury
  • Supinator Syndrome (Posterior Interosseous Neuropathy)
  • Posterior Elbow Pathology: Distal Triceps Tendon Tear
  • Olecranon Bursitis
  • Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
  • Ulnar Nerve Instability
  • Snapping Triceps Syndrome
  • Bone and Joint Disorders: Synovitis
  • Osteoarthritis and Osteochondral Damage
  • Occult Fractures
  • Posterior Dislocation Injury and Instability
  • Elbow Masses
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical and US Anatomy
  • Volar Forearm
  • Dorsal Forearm
  • Mobile Wad
  • Forearm Pathology
  • Volar Forearm: Pronator Syndrome
  • Anterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome
  • Other Compression Neuropathies
  • Penetrating Injuries
  • Dorsal Forearm and Mobile Wad
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical Anatomy
  • Osseous and Articular Anatomy
  • Distal Radio-ulnar Joint
  • Radiocarpal Joint
  • Midcarpal Joint
  • Wrist Ligaments and Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex
  • Tendons and Retinacula wrist
  • Extensor Tendons
  • Flexor Tendons
  • Neurovascular Structures
  • Median Nerve
  • Ulnar Nerve
  • Radial Nerve (Cutaneous Terminal Branch)
  • Radial and Ulnar Arteries
  • Essentials of Clinical History and Physical Examination
  • De Quervain Disease
  • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
  • US Scanning Technique and Normal US Anatomy
  • Dorsal Wrist
  • First Compartment
  • Second Compartment
  • Third Compartment
  • Fourth and Fifth Compartments
  • Sixth Compartment
  • Volar Wrist
  • Scanning the Wrist Outside the Tunnels
  • Proximal Carpal Tunnel
  • Distal Carpal Tunnel
  • Guyon Tunnel
  • Wrist Pathology – Dorsal Wrist Pathology
  • De Quervain Disease
  • Wartenberg Disease
  • Intersection Syndrome
  • Extensor Pollicis Longus Tenosynovitis
  • Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Tenosynovitis
  • Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Instability
  • Ventral Wrist Pathology
  • Flexor Carpi Radialis Tenosynovitis
  • Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Tendinopathy
  • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
  • Guyon Tunnel Syndrome
  • Nerve Trauma
  • Vessel Trauma
  • Bone and Joint Disorders – Synovitis
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis
  • Scapholunate Dissociation
  • Triangular Fibrocartilage Tears
  • Ligament Calcifications
  • Occult Fractures and Dislocations of Carpal Bones
  • Wrist Masses
  • Ganglion Cysts
  • Carpal Boss
  • Neurogenic Tumors
  • Anomalous Muscles
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical Anatomy
  • Osseous and Articular Anatomy
  • Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
  • Palmar Plates and Collateral Ligaments
  • Tendons, Pulley System and Muscles
  • Extensor Tendons
  • Flexor Tendons
  • Palmar Aponeurosis and Annular Pulleys
  • Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
  • Neurovascular Structures
  • Essentials of Clinical History and Physical Examination
  • Tendon Tears
  • US Scanning Technique and Normal US Anatomy
  • Hand
  • Dorsal Aspect
  • Palmar Aspect
  • Fingers
  • Dorsal Aspect
  • Lateral Aspect
  • Palmar Aspect
  • Hand and Finger Pathology
  • Dorsal Hand and Finger Pathology – Extensor Tendon Tears
  • Sagittal Band Injuries (Boxer’s Knuckle)
  • Palmar Hand and Finger Pathology – Tenosynovitis of Flexor Tendons
  • Flexor Digitorum Tendon Tears
  • Trigger Finger
  • Climber’s Finger
  • Palmar Plate Injuries
  • Dupuytren Disease
  • Nerve and Vessel Injuries
  • Foreign Bodies
  • Bone and Joint Disorders – Finger Joint Synovitis and Loose Bodies
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis
  • Occult Fractures and Dislocations
  • Gamekeeper’s Thumb and Stener Lesion
  • Other Collateral Ligament Pathology
  • Hand and Finger Masses
  • Ganglion Cysts
  • Giant Cell Tumor of the Tendon Sheath
  • Lipomas
  • Glomus Tumor
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical Anatomy-Osseous and Articular Anatomy
  • Joint and Ligament Complexes
  • Muscles and Tendons
  • Anterior Hip
  • Medial Hip
  • Lateral Hip
  • Posterior Hip
  • Neurovascular Structures
  • Bursae
  • Essentials of Clinical History and Physical Examination
  • Normal US Findings and Scanning Technique
  • Anterior Hip
  • Medial Hip
  • Lateral Hip
  • Posterior Hip
  • Hip Pathology-Anterior and Medial Hip Pathology
  • Tensor Fasciae Latae Tendinopathy
  • Rectus Femoris Tendon Tear
  • Hip Adductor Injuries
  • Snapping Iliopsoas Tendon
  • Iliopsoas Bursitis
  • Paralabral Ganglion Cysts
  • Inguinal Lymphadenopathies
  • Arterial Pseudoaneurysms
  • Femoral and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Neuropathies
  • Lateral Hip Pathology
  • Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome
  • Snapping Iliotibial Band 
  • Morel-Lavallée Lesion
  • Posterior Hip Pathology
  • Hamstrings Tendinopathy
  • Sciatic Neuropathy
  • Ischiogluteal Bursitis
  • Joint and Bone Disorders
  • Joint Effusions in Adult Hips
  • Synovitis and Arthropathies
  • Prosthetic Hip Replacement
  • Occult Fractures
  • Hip Masses
  • Pseudohypertrophy of Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical and US Anatomy: Anterior Thigh
  • Medial Thigh
  • Posterior Thigh
  • Thigh Pathology
  • Anterior Thigh
  • Vasti Muscle Tears
  • Myositis Ossificans
  • Medial Thigh
  • Posterior Thigh
  • Thigh Masses
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical Anatomy
  • Osseous and Articular Anatomy
  • Joint and Ligamentous Complexes
  • Femorotibial Joint
  • Patellofemoral Joint
  • Superior Tibiofibular Joint
  • Tendons
  • Extensor Mechanism
  • Posterior Tendons
  • Popliteal Fossa
  • Popliteal Vessels
  • Tibial and Peroneal Nerves
  • Bursae
  • Essentials of Clinical History and Physical Examination
  • Knee Joint Effusions
  • Normal US Findings and Scanning Technique
  • Anterior Knee
  • Medial Knee
  • Lateral Knee
  • Posterior Knee
  • Knee Pathology
  • Anterior Knee Pathology
  • Quadriceps Tendinopathy
  • Quadriceps Tendon Tear
  • Medial Plica Syndrome
  • Prepatellar Bursitis
  • Abnormalities of the Patella
  • Patellar Tendinopathy
  • Deep and Superficial Infrapatellar Bursitis
  • Medial Knee Pathology
  • Medial Collateral Ligament Injury
  • Pes Anserinus Bursitis
  • Lateral Knee Pathology
  • Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury
  • Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome
  • Distal Iliotibial Band Tendinopathy
  • Superior Tibiofibular Joint Ganglia
  • Peroneal Neuropathy
  • Posterior Knee Pathology
  • Baker Cyst
  • Extra-articular Ganglia
  • Semimembranosus Bursitis
  • Cruciate Ligament Ganglia
  • Cruciate Ligament Tears
  • Popliteal Aneurysms
  • Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome
  • Joint and Bone Disorders
  • Knee Synovitis
  • Lipohemarthrosis
  • Intra-articular Loose Bodies
  • Cartilage Abnormalities and Osteoarthritis
  • Meniscal Cysts
  • Meniscal Degeneration and Tears
  • Meniscal Ossicles
  • Total Knee Replacement
  • Knee Masses
  • Lipoma Arborescens
  • Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
  • Tensor Fasciae Suralis Muscle
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical and US Anatomy
  • Anterolateral Leg
  • Posteromedial Leg
  • Leg Pathology
  • Anterolateral Leg: Muscle Hernias
  • Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome
  • Compartment Syndromes
  • Superficial Peroneal Neuropathy
  • Posteromedial Leg: Tears of the Medial Head of the Gastrocnemius
  • Plantaris Tendon Tears
  • Calf Vein Thrombosis
  • Phlebitis of the Calf Veins
  • Sural Neuropathy
  • Leg Masses
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical Anatomy
  • Joints and Ligament Complexes
  • Subtalar Joint
  • Ankle Joint
  • Tendons and Retinacula
  • Lateral Tendons
  • Medial Tendons
  • Posterior Tendons
  • Neurovascular Structures
  • Essentials of Clinical History and Physical Examination
  • Ankle Sprains
  • Achilles Tendon Tears
  • Normal US Findings and Scanning Technique
  • Anterior Ankle
  • Lateral Ankle
  • Medial Ankle
  • Posterior Ankle
  • Ankle Pathology
  • Anterior Ankle Impingement
  • Lateral Ankle Pathology
  • Tenosynovitis of the Peroneal Tendons
  • Instability of the Peroneal Tendons
  • Split of the Peroneus Brevis Tendon
  • Medial Ankle Pathology
  • Abnormalities of the Tibialis Posterior Tendon
  • Accessory Navicular Bone
  • Posterior Impingement and Os Trigonum Syndrome
  • Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
  • Posterior Ankle Pathology
  • Achilles Tendon Tear
  • Plantaris Tendon
  • Bursitis and Haglund Deformity
  • Bone and Joint Disorders
  • Chondral and Osteochondral Damage
  • Occult Fractures
  • Ankle Masses
  • Ganglia
  • Neurogenic Tumors
  • Soft-Tissue Abscesses
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical Anatomy
  • Osseous and Articular Anatomy
  • Soft Tissues: Dorsal Foot
  • Soft Tissues: Plantar Foot
  • Plantar Vessels and Nerves
  • Joints and Para-articular Structures of the Toes
  • Essentials of Clinical History and Physical Examination
  • Morton Neuroma and Metatarsalgia
  • US Scanning Technique and Normal US Anatomy
  • Plantar Foot
  • Foot Pathology
  • Peroneal Tubercle Hypertrophy
  • Os Peroneum Fracture
  • Deep Peroneal Neuropathy
  • Midtarsal Ligament Tears and Occult Fractures
  • Arthritis and Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy
  • Plantar Hindfoot and Midfoot
  • Plantar Fibromatosis (Ledderhose Disease) 
  • Plantar Vein Thrombosis
  • Forefoot
  • Foot Masses
  • References
  • General Considerations
  • US-guided Needle Placement
  • Arthrocentesis and Drainage of Soft-Tissue Collections
  • Steroid Injection Procedures
  • Tumor Biopsy
  • Removal of Foreign Bodies
  • US-Guided Regional Anesthesia
  • Treatment of Painful Neuromas
  • Specific Applications
  • Shoulder
  • Glenohumeral Joint Aspiration and Injection
  • Acromioclavicular Joint Aspiration and Injection
  • Percutaneous Aspiration of Paralabral Ganglia
  • Elbow
  • Wrist and Hand
  • Adult Hip
  • Knee
  • Ankle and Hindfoot
  • Forefoot
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Hip Disorders
  • Graf’s Technique
  • Painful Hip
  • Perthes Disease
  • Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis
  • Bone
  • Disorders Beyond the Hip
  • Congenital Tarsal Coalition
  • Occult Fractures
  • Pulled Elbow
  • Acute and Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis
  • Tendons and Ligaments
  • Joints
  • Muscles
  • References

New!

Ultrasound of the Musculoskeletal System

The key library reference source for radiologists, orthopedists, and rheumatologists
GET FULL ACCESS

Experience live demonstrations and practical techniques at the Anesthesia Symposium in Sydney, March 2026.

Secure your seat
X

Expert anesthesia updates - join us in Key West, Florida for the 2026 Anesthesia Review Conference.

Register today
X