Ultrasound of the Musculoskeletal System - NYSORA

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Ultrasound of the Musculoskeletal System

Authors: A. L. Baert, M. Knauth, K. Sartor

The key library reference source for radiologists, orthopedists, and rheumatologists
  • PRACTICAL. A comprehensive reference and practical guide on the technology and application of ultrasound to the musculoskeletal system.
  • UNDERSTAND. The latest insights into this subject are provided for each anatomic area of the musculoskeletal system.
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Table of contents

  • Advances in US Technology
  • Transducers
  • Broadband Transducers
  • Focusing
  • Transducer Selection and Handling
  • Imaging Algorithms
  • Advances in Doppler Imaging
  • Compound Imaging
  • Extended Field-of-View Imaging
  • Steering-Based Imaging
  • Three-Dimensional Imaging
  • Elastographic Imaging
  • Ultrasound Contrast Media
  • References
  • Histologic Considerations
  • Normal US Findings
  • Pathologic Findings
  • Subcutaneous Tissue Abnormalities
  • Cellulitis, Abscess and Necrotizing Fasciitis
  • Fatty Atrophy
  • Traumatic Injuries
  • Foreign Bodies
  • Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions
  • Lipomas
  • Pilomatricoma and Epidermal Inclusion (Sebaceous) Cysts
  • Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations
  • Metastases and Lymphomas
  • References
Accordion Content
  • Histologic Considerations
  • Normal US Anatomy and Scanning Technique
  • Anatomical Variants and Heritable Disorders
  • Neuromuscular Disorders
  • Traumatic Lesions
  • Myotendinous Strains
  • Contusion and Laceration
  • Myositis Ossificans
  • Inflammatory and Ischemic Conditions
  • Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
  • Pyomyositis, Abscess, and Hydatid Disease
  • Diabetic Muscle Infarction and Rhabdomyolysis
  • Tumors
  • Intramuscular Hemangioma
  • Deep-Seated Lipoma and Liposarcoma
  • Intramuscular Myxoma
  • Desmoid
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma and Metastases
  • Tendon
  • Normal US Anatomy and Scanning Technique
  • Tendon Instability
  • Degenerative Changes and Tendon Tears
  • Tendinosis and Partial Tears
  • Complete Tears and Postoperative Findings
  • Inflammatory Conditions
  • Paratendinitis and Attrition Bursitis
  • Tenosynovitis
  • Enthesopathy
  • Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions
  • Intratendinous and Tendon Sheath Ganglia
  • Giant Cell Tumor of the Tendon Sheath
  • References
  • Histologic Considerations
  • Normal US Anatomy and Scanning Technique
  • Anatomic Variants, Inherited and Developmental Anomalies
  • Fibrolipomatous Hamartoma
  • Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
  • Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsies
  • Nerve Instability
  • Compressive Syndromes
  • Nerve Entrapment Syndromes
  • Stretching Injuries
  • Contusion Trauma
  • Penetrating Wounds
  • Postoperative Features
  • Rheumatologic and Infectious Disorders
  • Leprosy
  • Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions
  • Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
  • Hemangioma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
  • Intraneural Ganglia
  • Nerve Encasement by Extrinsic Neoplasms
  • Blood Vessels
  • Histologic Considerations
  • Normal US Anatomy and Scanning Technique
  • Musculoskeletal-Related Vascular Disorders
  • Arterial Disorders
  • Venous Disorders
  • Vascular Tumors
  • References
  • Histologic Considerations
  • Normal US Anatomy and Scanning Technique
  • Outgrowths
  • Bone Exostoses
  • Defects
  • Irregularities of the Cortical Outline
  • Acute Fractures
  • Stress Fractures
  • Fracture Healing
  • Erosions
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Joint
  • Normal US Anatomy and Scanning Technique
  • Pathologic Changes
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Inflammatory Arthropathies
  • Septic Arthritis
  • Traumatic Injuries
  • Degenerative Joint Disease (Osteoarthritis)
  • Deposition Diseases
  • Postoperative Complications
  • Space-Occupying Masses
  • Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
  • Lipoma Arborescens
  • Synovial Osteochondromatosis
  • Synovial Hemangioma
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical Anatomy – Osseous and Articular Anatomy
  • Glenohumeral Joint
  • Acromioclavicular Joint
  • Sternoclavicular Joint
  • Scapulothoracic Plane
  • Muscles and Tendons
  • Rotator Cuff
  • Biceps and Rotator Cuff Interval
  • Deltoid and Extrinsic Muscles of the Shoulder
  • Bursae and Gliding Spaces
  • Neurovascular Structures
  • Suprascapular Nerve
  • Axillary Artery and Nerve
  • Thoracic Outlet Structures
  • Brachial Plexus Nerves and Vertebral Anatomy
  • Essentials of Clinical History and Physical Examination
  • Rotator Cuff Pathology
  • Thoracic Outlet and Brachial Plexus Pathology
  • Normal Ultrasound Findings and Scanning Technique
  • Biceps Tendon and Rotator Cuff
  • Long Head of the Biceps Tendon
  • Subscapularis Tendon
  • Supraspinatus Tendon
  • Infraspinatus and Teres Minor Tendons
  • Rotator Cuff Interval
  • Shoulder Beyond the Cuff
  • Glenohumeral Synovial Space
  • Subacromial Subdeltoid Bursa
  • Acromioclavicular Joint and Os Acromiale
  • Glenoid Labrum
  • Nerves around the Shoulder
  • Brachial Plexus and Other Nerves of the Neck
  • Shoulder Pathology
  • Pathophysiologic Overview – Impingement and Rotator Cuff Disease
  • Instability
  • Rotator Cuff Pathology
  • Cuff Tendinopathy
  • Partial-Thickness Tears
  • Full-Thickness Tears
  • Complete and Massive Tears
  • Cuff Tear Arthropathy
  • Acromioclavicular Cysts
  • Postoperative Cuff
  • Calcifying Tendinitis
  • Biceps Tendon Pathology – Biceps Tendinopathy
  • Biceps Tendon Rupture
  • Biceps Tendon Instability
  • Shoulder Pathology Beyond the Rotator Cuff
  • Pectoralis and Deltoid Lesions
  • Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)
  • Glenohumeral Joint Instability
  • Humeral Head Fractures
  • Degenerative Arthropathies and Loose Bodies
  • Inflammatory Arthropathies
  • Shoulder Arthroplasty
  • Septic Arthritis and Bursitis
  • Acromioclavicular Joint Trauma and Instability
  • Sternoclavicular and Costosternal Joint Pathology
  • Quadrilateral Space Syndrome
  • Suprascapular Nerve Syndrome
  • Thoracic Outlet and Brachial Plexus Pathology
  • Brachial Plexus Trauma
  • Neoplastic Involvement of the Brachial Plexus
  • Parsonage-Turner Syndrome
  • Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
  • Shoulder Masses
  • Elastofibroma Dorsi
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical and US Anatomy
  • Anterior Arm
  • Posterior Arm
  • Neurovascular Bundle
  • Arm Pathology
  • Anterior Arm: Bicipital Sulcus Pathology
  • Median Neuropathy Following Brachial Artery Catheterization
  • Supracondylar Process Syndrome
  • Posterior Arm: Spiral Groove Syndrome
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical Anatomy
  • Joint and Ligament Complexes
  • Elbow Joint
  • Medial Collateral Ligament
  • Lateral Collateral Ligament
  • Muscles and Tendons
  • Anterior Elbow
  • Medial Elbow
  • Lateral Elbow
  • Posterior Elbow
  • Neurovascular Structures
  • Median Nerve and Brachial Artery
  • Radial Nerve and Posterior Interosseous Nerve
  • Ulnar Nerve
  • Bursae
  • Essentials of Clinical History and Physical Examination
  • Tendon Abnormalities
  • Ligament Instability
  • Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
  • Ultrasound Anatomy and Scanning Technique
  • Anterior Elbow
  • Medial Elbow
  • Lateral Elbow
  • Posterior Elbow
  • Elbow Pathology
  • Anterior Elbow Pathology: Distal Biceps Tendon Tear
  • Bicipitoradial (Cubital) Bursitis
  • Medial Elbow Pathology: Medial Epicondylitis (Epitrochleitis)
  • Medial Collateral Ligament Injury
  • Epitrochlear Lymphadenopathies
  • Lateral Elbow Pathology
  • Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury
  • Supinator Syndrome (Posterior Interosseous Neuropathy)
  • Posterior Elbow Pathology: Distal Triceps Tendon Tear
  • Olecranon Bursitis
  • Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
  • Ulnar Nerve Instability
  • Snapping Triceps Syndrome
  • Bone and Joint Disorders: Synovitis
  • Osteoarthritis and Osteochondral Damage
  • Occult Fractures
  • Posterior Dislocation Injury and Instability
  • Elbow Masses
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical and US Anatomy
  • Volar Forearm
  • Dorsal Forearm
  • Mobile Wad
  • Forearm Pathology
  • Volar Forearm: Pronator Syndrome
  • Anterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome
  • Other Compression Neuropathies
  • Penetrating Injuries
  • Dorsal Forearm and Mobile Wad
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical Anatomy
  • Osseous and Articular Anatomy
  • Distal Radio-ulnar Joint
  • Radiocarpal Joint
  • Midcarpal Joint
  • Wrist Ligaments and Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex
  • Tendons and Retinacula wrist
  • Extensor Tendons
  • Flexor Tendons
  • Neurovascular Structures
  • Median Nerve
  • Ulnar Nerve
  • Radial Nerve (Cutaneous Terminal Branch)
  • Radial and Ulnar Arteries
  • Essentials of Clinical History and Physical Examination
  • De Quervain Disease
  • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
  • US Scanning Technique and Normal US Anatomy
  • Dorsal Wrist
  • First Compartment
  • Second Compartment
  • Third Compartment
  • Fourth and Fifth Compartments
  • Sixth Compartment
  • Volar Wrist
  • Scanning the Wrist Outside the Tunnels
  • Proximal Carpal Tunnel
  • Distal Carpal Tunnel
  • Guyon Tunnel
  • Wrist Pathology – Dorsal Wrist Pathology
  • De Quervain Disease
  • Wartenberg Disease
  • Intersection Syndrome
  • Extensor Pollicis Longus Tenosynovitis
  • Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Tenosynovitis
  • Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Instability
  • Ventral Wrist Pathology
  • Flexor Carpi Radialis Tenosynovitis
  • Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Tendinopathy
  • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
  • Guyon Tunnel Syndrome
  • Nerve Trauma
  • Vessel Trauma
  • Bone and Joint Disorders – Synovitis
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis
  • Scapholunate Dissociation
  • Triangular Fibrocartilage Tears
  • Ligament Calcifications
  • Occult Fractures and Dislocations of Carpal Bones
  • Wrist Masses
  • Ganglion Cysts
  • Carpal Boss
  • Neurogenic Tumors
  • Anomalous Muscles
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical Anatomy
  • Osseous and Articular Anatomy
  • Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
  • Palmar Plates and Collateral Ligaments
  • Tendons, Pulley System and Muscles
  • Extensor Tendons
  • Flexor Tendons
  • Palmar Aponeurosis and Annular Pulleys
  • Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
  • Neurovascular Structures
  • Essentials of Clinical History and Physical Examination
  • Tendon Tears
  • US Scanning Technique and Normal US Anatomy
  • Hand
  • Dorsal Aspect
  • Palmar Aspect
  • Fingers
  • Dorsal Aspect
  • Lateral Aspect
  • Palmar Aspect
  • Hand and Finger Pathology
  • Dorsal Hand and Finger Pathology – Extensor Tendon Tears
  • Sagittal Band Injuries (Boxer’s Knuckle)
  • Palmar Hand and Finger Pathology – Tenosynovitis of Flexor Tendons
  • Flexor Digitorum Tendon Tears
  • Trigger Finger
  • Climber’s Finger
  • Palmar Plate Injuries
  • Dupuytren Disease
  • Nerve and Vessel Injuries
  • Foreign Bodies
  • Bone and Joint Disorders – Finger Joint Synovitis and Loose Bodies
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis
  • Occult Fractures and Dislocations
  • Gamekeeper’s Thumb and Stener Lesion
  • Other Collateral Ligament Pathology
  • Hand and Finger Masses
  • Ganglion Cysts
  • Giant Cell Tumor of the Tendon Sheath
  • Lipomas
  • Glomus Tumor
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical Anatomy-Osseous and Articular Anatomy
  • Joint and Ligament Complexes
  • Muscles and Tendons
  • Anterior Hip
  • Medial Hip
  • Lateral Hip
  • Posterior Hip
  • Neurovascular Structures
  • Bursae
  • Essentials of Clinical History and Physical Examination
  • Normal US Findings and Scanning Technique
  • Anterior Hip
  • Medial Hip
  • Lateral Hip
  • Posterior Hip
  • Hip Pathology-Anterior and Medial Hip Pathology
  • Tensor Fasciae Latae Tendinopathy
  • Rectus Femoris Tendon Tear
  • Hip Adductor Injuries
  • Snapping Iliopsoas Tendon
  • Iliopsoas Bursitis
  • Paralabral Ganglion Cysts
  • Inguinal Lymphadenopathies
  • Arterial Pseudoaneurysms
  • Femoral and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Neuropathies
  • Lateral Hip Pathology
  • Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome
  • Snapping Iliotibial Band 
  • Morel-Lavallée Lesion
  • Posterior Hip Pathology
  • Hamstrings Tendinopathy
  • Sciatic Neuropathy
  • Ischiogluteal Bursitis
  • Joint and Bone Disorders
  • Joint Effusions in Adult Hips
  • Synovitis and Arthropathies
  • Prosthetic Hip Replacement
  • Occult Fractures
  • Hip Masses
  • Pseudohypertrophy of Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical and US Anatomy: Anterior Thigh
  • Medial Thigh
  • Posterior Thigh
  • Thigh Pathology
  • Anterior Thigh
  • Vasti Muscle Tears
  • Myositis Ossificans
  • Medial Thigh
  • Posterior Thigh
  • Thigh Masses
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical Anatomy
  • Osseous and Articular Anatomy
  • Joint and Ligamentous Complexes
  • Femorotibial Joint
  • Patellofemoral Joint
  • Superior Tibiofibular Joint
  • Tendons
  • Extensor Mechanism
  • Posterior Tendons
  • Popliteal Fossa
  • Popliteal Vessels
  • Tibial and Peroneal Nerves
  • Bursae
  • Essentials of Clinical History and Physical Examination
  • Knee Joint Effusions
  • Normal US Findings and Scanning Technique
  • Anterior Knee
  • Medial Knee
  • Lateral Knee
  • Posterior Knee
  • Knee Pathology
  • Anterior Knee Pathology
  • Quadriceps Tendinopathy
  • Quadriceps Tendon Tear
  • Medial Plica Syndrome
  • Prepatellar Bursitis
  • Abnormalities of the Patella
  • Patellar Tendinopathy
  • Deep and Superficial Infrapatellar Bursitis
  • Medial Knee Pathology
  • Medial Collateral Ligament Injury
  • Pes Anserinus Bursitis
  • Lateral Knee Pathology
  • Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury
  • Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome
  • Distal Iliotibial Band Tendinopathy
  • Superior Tibiofibular Joint Ganglia
  • Peroneal Neuropathy
  • Posterior Knee Pathology
  • Baker Cyst
  • Extra-articular Ganglia
  • Semimembranosus Bursitis
  • Cruciate Ligament Ganglia
  • Cruciate Ligament Tears
  • Popliteal Aneurysms
  • Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome
  • Joint and Bone Disorders
  • Knee Synovitis
  • Lipohemarthrosis
  • Intra-articular Loose Bodies
  • Cartilage Abnormalities and Osteoarthritis
  • Meniscal Cysts
  • Meniscal Degeneration and Tears
  • Meniscal Ossicles
  • Total Knee Replacement
  • Knee Masses
  • Lipoma Arborescens
  • Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
  • Tensor Fasciae Suralis Muscle
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical and US Anatomy
  • Anterolateral Leg
  • Posteromedial Leg
  • Leg Pathology
  • Anterolateral Leg: Muscle Hernias
  • Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome
  • Compartment Syndromes
  • Superficial Peroneal Neuropathy
  • Posteromedial Leg: Tears of the Medial Head of the Gastrocnemius
  • Plantaris Tendon Tears
  • Calf Vein Thrombosis
  • Phlebitis of the Calf Veins
  • Sural Neuropathy
  • Leg Masses
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical Anatomy
  • Joints and Ligament Complexes
  • Subtalar Joint
  • Ankle Joint
  • Tendons and Retinacula
  • Lateral Tendons
  • Medial Tendons
  • Posterior Tendons
  • Neurovascular Structures
  • Essentials of Clinical History and Physical Examination
  • Ankle Sprains
  • Achilles Tendon Tears
  • Normal US Findings and Scanning Technique
  • Anterior Ankle
  • Lateral Ankle
  • Medial Ankle
  • Posterior Ankle
  • Ankle Pathology
  • Anterior Ankle Impingement
  • Lateral Ankle Pathology
  • Tenosynovitis of the Peroneal Tendons
  • Instability of the Peroneal Tendons
  • Split of the Peroneus Brevis Tendon
  • Medial Ankle Pathology
  • Abnormalities of the Tibialis Posterior Tendon
  • Accessory Navicular Bone
  • Posterior Impingement and Os Trigonum Syndrome
  • Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
  • Posterior Ankle Pathology
  • Achilles Tendon Tear
  • Plantaris Tendon
  • Bursitis and Haglund Deformity
  • Bone and Joint Disorders
  • Chondral and Osteochondral Damage
  • Occult Fractures
  • Ankle Masses
  • Ganglia
  • Neurogenic Tumors
  • Soft-Tissue Abscesses
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Clinical Anatomy
  • Osseous and Articular Anatomy
  • Soft Tissues: Dorsal Foot
  • Soft Tissues: Plantar Foot
  • Plantar Vessels and Nerves
  • Joints and Para-articular Structures of the Toes
  • Essentials of Clinical History and Physical Examination
  • Morton Neuroma and Metatarsalgia
  • US Scanning Technique and Normal US Anatomy
  • Plantar Foot
  • Foot Pathology
  • Peroneal Tubercle Hypertrophy
  • Os Peroneum Fracture
  • Deep Peroneal Neuropathy
  • Midtarsal Ligament Tears and Occult Fractures
  • Arthritis and Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy
  • Plantar Hindfoot and Midfoot
  • Plantar Fibromatosis (Ledderhose Disease) 
  • Plantar Vein Thrombosis
  • Forefoot
  • Foot Masses
  • References
  • General Considerations
  • US-guided Needle Placement
  • Arthrocentesis and Drainage of Soft-Tissue Collections
  • Steroid Injection Procedures
  • Tumor Biopsy
  • Removal of Foreign Bodies
  • US-Guided Regional Anesthesia
  • Treatment of Painful Neuromas
  • Specific Applications
  • Shoulder
  • Glenohumeral Joint Aspiration and Injection
  • Acromioclavicular Joint Aspiration and Injection
  • Percutaneous Aspiration of Paralabral Ganglia
  • Elbow
  • Wrist and Hand
  • Adult Hip
  • Knee
  • Ankle and Hindfoot
  • Forefoot
  • References
  • Introduction
  • Hip Disorders
  • Graf’s Technique
  • Painful Hip
  • Perthes Disease
  • Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis
  • Bone
  • Disorders Beyond the Hip
  • Congenital Tarsal Coalition
  • Occult Fractures
  • Pulled Elbow
  • Acute and Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis
  • Tendons and Ligaments
  • Joints
  • Muscles
  • References

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