Vivvo CMS 4.1 http://www.nysora.com/ ©2007 Spoonlabs d.o.o. http://www.nysora.com/files.php?file= http://www.nysora.com/ http://www.nysora.com/regional_anesthesia/neuraxial_techniques/3119-spinal_anesthesia.html Neuraxial Techniques D, d M Y H:i:s O Spinal anesthesia has progressed greatly since 1885 and is used successfully in a number of different clinical situations. However, anatomy, choice of local anesthetic, physiologic effects of spinal anesthesia, patient positioning, and the approach to spinal anesthesia must all be considered. http://www.nysora.com/regional_anesthesia/neuraxial_techniques/3046-Combined-SpinalEpidural-CSE-Anesthesia.html Neuraxial Techniques D, d M Y H:i:s O In recent years, regional anesthesia techniques for surgery, obstetrics, and postoperative pain management have been used with increasing frequency.[1−3] The combined spinal–epidural (CSE) technique, a comparatively new anesthetic technique, includes an initial subarachnoid injection followed by epidural catheter placement and administration of epidural medications delivered for extended periods. Clinical studies have demonstrated that the CSE technique provides excellent surgical conditions as quickly as the single-shot subarachnoid (SSS) block, and with advantages compared with the epidural block alone.[4−6] The introduction of CSE anesthesia offers benefits of both spinal and epidural anesthesia. Although the CSE technique has become increasingly popular over the past two decades, it is a more complex technique that requires comprehensive understanding of epidural and spinal physiology and pharmacology. This article discusses the technical aspects, advantages, potential complications, and limitations of the CSE technique for surgery and analgesia during labor. http://www.nysora.com/regional_anesthesia/neuraxial_techniques/3010-caudal_anesthesia.html Neuraxial Techniques D, d M Y H:i:s O Caudal anesthesia was first described at the turn of last century by two French physicians, Fernand Cathelin and Jean-Anthanase Sicard. The technique predated the lumbar approach to epidural block by several years. http://www.nysora.com/regional_anesthesia/neuraxial_techniques/3026-Epidural-Blockade.html Neuraxial Techniques D, d M Y H:i:s O Epidural blockade is becoming one of the most useful and versatile procedures in modern anesthesiology. It is unique in that it can be placed at virtually any level of the spinal spine, allowing more flexibility in its application to clinical practice. NYSORA - The New York School of Regional Anesthesia